Defenses

Ryan Carlos de OLIVEIRA BERRIEL will defend his PhD thesis on December 2023 the 22^nd, at 14h00, ATRIUM lecture hall, ESPRIT building, Cité Scientifique campus. His research entitled "Réduction de la consommation d'énergie d'un carrousel de métro" was supervised by the L2EP lab and MEL in the frame of the CUMIN-REMUS project (with support of Région "Haut--de-France").

Members of the jury:

Pr. Alain BOUSCAYROL, University of Lille, France, directror

Dr. Philippe DELARUE, University of Lille, France, Co-supervisor

Dr. Clément MAYET, University of Lille, France, Co-supervisor

M. Charles BROCART, Métrople européenne de Lille, France, guest

Dr. Ali SARI, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, France, Examiner

Pr. Marie-Cécile PERA, University of Franche-Comté, France, reporter

Dr. HDR Jean-Christophe OLIVIER, University of Nantes, France, reporter

L'urbanisation a entraîné une demande croissante en matière de mobilité urbaine efficace. À mesure que les villes se développent, la nécessité de solutions de transport durable devient essentielle. Les métros, caractérisés par leur grande capacité et leurs émissions relativement faibles, se sont imposés comme une solution privilégiée pour répondre à ce besoin croissant. Cependant, bien qu'ils offrent de nombreux avantages, ils présentent également des défis, notamment en ce qui concerne l'efficacité énergétique et la gestion d'énergie. La MEL (Métropole Européenne de Lille) s'engage à explorer les économies d'énergie potentielles sur son réseau des transports, soulignant l'importance de l'évaluation de solutions adaptées aux contextes urbains spécifiques.

Cette thèse explore les défis des systèmes de métro, en particulier les solutions visant à réduire la consommation d'énergie. Un modèle dynamique et un outil de simulation flexible pour l'étude énergétique des carrousels de métro sont développés. Ils sont validés par des résultats expérimentaux sur une ligne réelle, ainsi que par une plateforme expérimentale réduite et flexible, utilisant le principe de simulation Hardware-In-the-Loop. Cette dernière permet de tester des scénarios que l’on ne peut pas tester sur le carrousel réel. Des modèles simplifiés sont alors proposés pour réduire les besoins en calcul sans sacrifier la précision. Différents scénarios de simulation ont été étudiés pour mettre en évidence les principaux facteurs de réduction de la consommation d'énergie globale. Sur la ligne 1 de la MEL, réduire la vitesse maximale de 10 % entraîne une réduction de la consommation d'énergie de 6,7 % tout en augmentant le temps de trajet de moins de 2 minutes. Une légère modification de l'intervalle entre deux véhicules peut aussi entraîner une réduction de la consommation d'énergie globale allant jusqu'à 12 %. Le potentiel de la récupération de l'énergie de freinage a été analysé, montrant la possibilité d'alimenter des voitures électriques ou des bus électriques.

Florian TOURNEZ will defend his PhD thesis on December 2023 the 20^th, at 10h00, ATRIUM lecture hall, ESPRIT building, Cité Scientifique campus. His research entitled "Du composant au conducteur dans la boucle de simulation pour le test de véhicules électriques hybrides" was supervised by the L2EP and TVES labs in the frame of the CUMIN-DILAN (with support of Région "Haut--de-France" with CPER EE4.0).)and H2020 PANDA projects.

Members of the jury:

Pr. Betty LEMAIRE-SEMAIL, University of Lille, France, directror

Pr. Alain BOUSCAYROL, University of Lille, France, Co-supervisor

Dr. HDR Walter LHOMME, University of Lille, France, Co-supervisor

Dr. Câlin HUSAR, Siemens, Roumania, guest

Dr. Mariam SANCHEZ-TORRES, Valeo, France, guest

Dr. HDR Rochdi TRIGUI, University Gustave Eiffel, France, Examiner

Pr. Olivier BETHOUX, Sorbonne University, France, reporter

Pr. Fabrice LOCMENT, University of Compiègne, France, reporter

Abstract:

L'électrification des véhicules joue un rôle essentiel dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. En réponse à la croissance de plus en plus marquée des véhicules électrifiés sur le marché automobile mondial, de nouvelles technologies ont émergé pour satisfaire la demande. Les simulations Hardware-in-the-Loop de type Signal (S-HIL) et Puissance (P-HIL) sont déjà utilisées dans l'industrie automobile pour tester différents composants et sous-systèmes de nouvelle génération avant leur intégration dans le prototype final, mais leur potentiel reste sous-exploité. Afin de favoriser leur utilisation et d’améliorer la vitesse de développement de nouvelles méthodes simples et abordables doivent être mises en place.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthode souple permettant de tester divers sous-systèmes électriques grâce à des simulations HIL de puissance classique jusqu’au test avec le conducteur dans la boucle de simulation (DIL). Le concept de la simulation HIL distribuée est introduit en se basant sur l’utilisation d’un serveur délocalisé. Le serveur délocalisé correspond à un ordinateur virtuel situé dans un centre de données équipé du logiciel de simulation Amesim Simcenter. Le logiciel permet d’avoir accès à une bibliothèque de modèles en ligne permettant à l’utilisateur de coupler ses modèles ou ses sous-systèmes situés localement avec Amesim Simcenter afin de réaliser des simulations pures, du S-HIL ou du P-HIL. Une interface simple et flexible a été mise en place par l’intermédiaire de l’organisation des modèles avec le formalisme de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM). La simulation HIL distribuée a été réalisée dans le cadre du Projet H2020 PANDA pour améliorer l’insertion des véhicules électrifiés sur le marché automobile. Le second axe est de mettre en place une simulation DIL couplée simultanément à une simulation P-HIL tout en gardant la flexibilité d’utiliser des modèles sous une plateforme de simulation temps réel. De cette manière, il est possible de tester un sous-système de puissance tout en incluant un conducteur au travers d’un simulateur de conduite (DIL/P-HIL).

Ayoub AROUA will defend his PhD thesis on December 2023 the 19^th, at 13h30, ATRIUM lecture hall, ESPRIT building, Cité Scientifique campus. His research entitled "Scalability of Electric Axles for System-Level Design in the Early Development Phases of Electric Vehicles" was supervised by the L2EP lab and Ghent University in the frame of the CUMIN-STeVE project.

Members of the jury:

Pr. Kurt STOCKMAN, University of Ghent, Belgium, Co-director

Dr. HDR. Walter LHOMME, University of Lille, France, Co-director

Pr. Hennie De SCHEPPER, University of Ghent, Belgium, Examiner

Pr. Elena LOMONOVA, University of technology of Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Examiner

Pr. Florence OSSART, Pierre & Marie Curie University, France, Examiner

Pr. Lieven VENDEVELDE, University of Ghent, Belgium, Reporter

Dr. HDR. Emmanuel VINOT, Gustave Eiffel University, France, Reporter

Pr. Theo HOFMAN, University of technology of Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Reporter

Abstract:

The automotive industry is required to accelerate the development and deployment of electrified vehicles at a faster pace than ever, to align the transportation sector with the climate goals. Reducing the development time of electric vehicles becomes an urgent priority. On the other hand, the industry is challenged by the increasing complexity and large design space of the emerging electrified powertrains. The existing approaches to address component design, such as numerical methods exemplified by finite element method, computational fluid dynamics, etc., are based on a detailed design process. This leads to a long computational burden when trying to incorporate them at system-level. Speeding up the early development phases of electrified vehicles necessitates new methodologies and tools, supporting the exploration of the system-level design space. These methodologies should allow for assessing different sizing choices of electrified powertrains in the early development phases, both efficiently in terms of computational time and with reliable results in terms of energy consumption at system-level. To address this challenge, this Ph.D. thesis aims to develop a scaling methodology for electric axles, allowing system-level investigation of different power-rated electric vehicles. The electric axle considered in this thesis comprises a voltage source inverter, an electric machine, a gearbox, and a control unit. The scaling procedure is aimed at predicting the data of a newly defined design of a given component with different specifications based on a reference design, without redoing time and effort-consuming steps. For this purpose, different derivations of scaling laws of the electric axle components are thoroughly discussed and compared at component-level in terms of power loss scaling. To incorporate the scaling laws at system-level and study the interaction between the scaled components, the energetic macroscopic representation formalism is employed. The novelty of the proposed method lies in structuring a scalable model and control for a reference electric axle to be used in system-level simulation. The methodology is applied for different case studies of battery electric vehicles, ranging from light to heavy-duty vehicles.

The report of Lucie JUNKER's Master 2 intership in "Geography, urban & environmental development" entitled "Acceptabilité et accessibilité des mobilités durables sur le campus Cité Scientifique" in the frame of CUMIN-SARA project co-supervised by TVES and L2EP labs will take place on September 2023 the 28^th, IUAGL building at 10h.

David RAMSEY will defend his PhD thesis on November 2021, the 2^nd, ATRIUM lecture hall, ESPRIT building, Cité Scientifique campus. His reseach entitled "Simulation of an Electric Vehicle and its Environment to Study the Energy Consumption Under Different Climatic Conditions" was supervised by the L2EP lab and University of Québec 3 Rivières in the frame of the CUMIN-e-campus lab et CUMIN-EVE project (with support of Région "Haut--de-France").

Members of the jury: 

Prof. Alain BOUSCAYROL, University of Lille, Co-director

Prof. Loïc BOULON, University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, Co-director

Prof. Philippe BARRADE, Haute École spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Reporter

Prof. Serge PELISSIER, IFSTTAR (Université Gustav Eiffel), Reporter

Prof. Katherine D'AVIGNON, École Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS) Monréal, Examiner

Prof. Sousso KELOUWANI, University of Québec à Trois-Rivières, Examiner

Abstract:

In the scientific literature, the energy consumption of battery electric vehicles is usually estimated by considering only the traction subsystem. However, this approach cannot consider the impact of climatic conditions on the energy consumption (and driving range). Indeed, ambient conditions have an impact on the performances of Li-ion batteries, on the power required for traction and on the energy consumption of the comfort subsystem. The combined product of these effects can strongly reduce the driving range of these vehicles. This fact represents an obstacle to the development of electric vehicles in the automotive market, especially in regions with very harsh winters (e.g., Canada). In this context, a collaboration between the University of Lille (France) and the University of Québec à Trois-Rivières (Canada) has been stablished to study the impact of climatic conditions on the energy consumption of electric vehicles.

The objective of this thesis is to develop a flexible simulation tool of an electric vehicle in its environment. The tool should make it possible to study the energy performance of these vehicles over a wide range of climatic conditions. To achieve this goal, an interconnection of models from different physical domains (electrical, mechanical and thermal) is performed, following a systemic approach. The considered models correspond to the traction, thermal comfort and energy storage subsystems. The Energetic Macroscopic Representation formalism is used to organize and interconnect models of the different subsystems of the vehicle, as well as its environment. The considered ambient factors are the temperature, relative humidity and sky conditions. The validity of the simulation tool is verified with experimental tests on a real electric vehicle between -5 °C and 30 °C.

Julia FROTEY will defend her PhD thesis on September 2021, the 23^rd, ATRIUM lecture hall, ESPRIT building, Cité Scientifique campus. Her reseach entitled "Electric vehicle charging station projects and stakeholders: creating electric mobility in the Hauts-de-France region" was supervised by the TVES & L2EP labs in the frame of the CUMIN-MOUVE project.

Members of the jury:

Prof. Philippe DEBOUDT, University of Lille, Director

Prof. Élodie CASTEX, University of Lille, Co-director

Mrs. Séverine FRÈRE, University of Littoral Côte d’Opale, Co-director

Prof. Alain BOUSCAYROL, University of Lille, Guest

Prof. Nacima BARON, University Gustave Eiffel, Examiner

Prof. Laurent CHAPELON, University Paul-Valéry of Montpellier, Reporter

Prof. Jean DEBRIE, University Paris 1 Panthéon – Sorbonne, Reporter

Mrs. Patricia SAJOUS, Université of Havre, Examiner

Abstract:

Since 2010, the promotion of electric mobility has been on the agenda of French and European governments. In France, incentives for purchasing new electric cars have been introduced to remove financial and psychological deterrents. The deployment of an open network of charging stations alleviates a major psychological barrier called "range anxiety". It refers to the fear of not being able to charge your car away from home in case of emergency. For this reason, the open charging station infrastructure has experienced a strong growth within the last ten years. Our thesis in urban planning consists in documenting the growth of this equipment on a regional scale (concentrating on the Hauts-de-France region).

This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes the construction of a renewed automobile system based on the electric cars. The charging network, which is now part of the “sustainable city”, is the cornerstone of that system. To analyze this new service, we developed an analysis method based on conceptual and methodological resources stemming from the “network literature”. This method combines the processing of quantitative data, used for maps, and qualitative data, gathered through semi-directive interviews featuring major regional stakeholders, specialized in electric mobility.

The second part presents an overview of the distribution of charging stations in the Hauts-de[1]France region. This network is an urban service, deployed by a multiplicity of actors in the most densely urbanized and populated areas of the region. We then concentrated on analyzing the decision-making processes for implementing public charging networks. Those processes have directly influenced the specifications and choice of location of the charging stations network and infrastructure. The network’s deployment is considered an essential new public service for some, and paves the way for industrial growth for others.

In the third part, we examine the results we found in our second part. Based on our interviews, we classified the network project stakeholders into nine categories and described their relationships. The

2016 French Regional Reform encouraged public actors to coordinate their charging station solutions.

Network interoperability and the use of a common access badge are major tools meant to reinforce the consistency of regional electric mobility policies. This third part concludes with the presentation of some usage records that questions the links between user practices and the location of open charging stations.

In a context of energy and mobility transitions, public authorities financially supported a new infrastructure intended for car drivers. The charging infrastructure extends local authorities’ scope from iv public transports to individual automotive mobilities. It also raises political and symbolic issues: the charging station enhances the action of public actors while promoting innovative local governments.

In this thesis, the installation of an open network of charging stations is considered as an urban planning project integrated in the local planning documents and conceived as a new mobility service.

Over the past ten years, recharging capabilities have increased substantially thanks to the joint action of local authorities and Tech companies. The charging station should be seen as a major asset of the digital transition of mobility: as a connected object, it makes way for new uses of cars and energy.

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